Leukemia

Leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of the even broader group of diseases affecting the blood, bone marrow and lymphoid system, which are all known as hematological neoplasms.





 Classification:

Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its acute and chronic forms

• Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in the numbers of immature blood cells. Crowding due to such cells makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. Acute forms of leukemia are the most common forms of leukemia in children. 
• Chronic Leukemia is characterized by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group.

Causes:

o single known cause for any of the different types of leukemia exists. The known causes, which are not generally factors within the control of the average person, account for relatively few cases. The different leukemias likely have different causes.
Leukemia, like other cancers, results from mutation in the DNA. Certain mutations can trigger leukemia by activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes, and thereby disrupting the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances.
Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial ionising radiation, a few viruses such as Human T-lymphotropic virus, and some chemicals, notably benzene and alkylating chemotherapy agents for previous malignancies. Use of tobacco is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Cohort and case-control studies have linked exposure to some petrochemicals and hair dyes to the development of some forms of leukemia. A few cases of maternal fetal-transmition have been reported. Diet has very limited or no effect, although eating more vegetables may confer a small protective benefit.
Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. Experiments on mice and other mammals have demonstrated the relevance of retroviruses in leukemia, and human retroviruses have also been identified. The first human retrovirus identified was human T-lymohotropic virus, or HTLV-1, which is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia.
Some people have a genetic predisposition towards developing leukemia. This predisposition is demonstrated by family histories and twin studies. The affected people may have a single gene or multiple genes in common. In some cases, families tend to develop the same kind of leukemia as other members; in other families, affected people may develop different forms of leukemia.
In addition to these genetic issues, people with chromosomal abnormalities or certain other genetic conditions have a greater risk of leukemia. For example, people with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia and Fanconi Anemia is a risk factor for developing acute myeloid leukemia.
Whether non-ionizing radiation causes leukemia has been studied for several decades. The IARC expert working group undertook a detailed review of all data on static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic energy, which occurs naturally and in association with the generation, transmission, and use of electrical power. They concluded that there is limited evidence that high levels of ELF magnetic (but not electric) fields might cause childhood leukemia. Exposure to significant ELF magnetic fields might result in twofold excess risk for leukemia for children exposed to these high levels of magnetic fields. However, the report also says that methodological weaknesses and biases in these studies have likely caused the risk to be overstated. No evidence for a relationship to leukemia or another form of malignancy in adults has been demonstrated. Since exposure to such levels of ELFs is relatively uncommon, the W.H.O. concludes that ELF exposure, if later proven to be causative, would account for just 100 to 2400 cases worldwide each year, representing 0.2 to 4.9% of the total incidence of childhood leukemia for that year (about 0.03 to 0.9% of all leukemias).

Celebrity Curly Hairstyles

These celebs all know that cascading curls don't have to be prim and proper. If you already have naturally curly hair but want to eliminate frizz and add smoothness, New York City hairstylist Nathaniel Hawkins recommends letting hair air-dry, then wrapping your natural waves around the barrel of an iron to "seal the cuticle and perfect the curls." If your hair is straight, wash and deep condition so you get a healthy shine. Dry hair with a round brush, then use a large curling iron and, alternating sections, roll hair around the barrel in one direction and then again in the other to create a ripple effect.More great hairstyle ideas: half up,  half down,layers, ponytails, and beachy waves.

Andie MacDowell, Curly....

TOP 10 B SCHOOLS OF ALL TIME IN INDIA.....

Top Indian Management Institutes for MBA, PGDM

List of the best business schools in India offering PGP and Doctoral programs

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM A)
Ranked amongst the top most business schools in India and Asia. The institute offers four programmes in Management. The PGP - Post Graduate Program (equivalent to MBA), the FPM - Fellowship Program in Management(equivalent to Ph.D), the FDP - Faculty Development Program for Management teachers and Trainers and the MDP - Management Development Program - a refresher for middle and top level managers. Admission process for PGP and FPM of IIM Ahemedabad involves taking the Common Admission Test (CAT) followed by group discussion and interviews for short listed candidates.

Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta (IIM C) @ Kolkatta
Ranked amongst the most prestigious business schools in India and Asia. The institute offers three full time programs. The PGDM - Post Graduate Program in Management (equivalent to MBA), the FPM - Fellowship Program in Management, the PGDCM - Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Aided Management. All three programs require the candidate to take CAT. The institute also offer part time PGDBM - Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management for managers with relevant work experience. In addition, MDP - Management Development Programs are held in regular intervals for middle and top level managers.

Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM B)
IIM Bangalore offers two year full time PGP - Post Graduate Program in Management (equivalent to MBA) and a FPM - Fellowship Program in Management. Both these programs require the candidate to take CAT. The institute also offers part time non residential PGSM - Post Graduate Program in Software Enterprise Management. There is a separate entrance test for this program. This business school is ranked amongst the top three business schools in the country.

Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIM L)
IIM Lucknow offers a two year full time residential PGP - Post Graduate Program in Management and a four year FPM program. Both these programs require a candidate to take CAT. The institute also has an interesting student exchange program where students of this B-School go to premier B-Schools the world over and do part of their education. Students and faculty from these internationally reputed B-Schools in turn visit IIM Lucknow. It is ranked amongst the top five B-Schools in India.

XLRI - Xavier Labour Research Institute, Jamshedpur
Xavier Labour Research Institute, popularly known as XLRI was established in 1949 at Jamshedpur. The institute offers two courses at the post graduation level in management - a post graduate diploma in Business administration and a post graduate diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations (PMIR). Online version of the brochure is also available. In 2001, the average salary (including foreign offers) soared by 70% (over last year) to a whopping Rs.8.06 lakhs per annum. The offers in the Business Management program averaged at an awe-inspiring Rs.9.71 lakhs and in the Personnel Management program at Rs. 6.5 lakhs. And these exclude ESOPs and other means of compensation.

ISB - Indian School of Business, Hyderabad
Indian School of Business, Hyderabad is emerging as a preferred choice for MBA aspirants who want to pack in the program into a one year course. As it gradually builds up its permanent faculty base, the ISB has created a unique and sustainable visiting faculty model with some of the world's leading academicians from Wharton, Kellogg, Harvard, Stanford, Chicago, Duke and Texas among others. The school offers a one year Post Graduate Program in Management.

FMS - Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi
FMS is amongst the top 10 B-Schools in the country and probably one of the two attached to a university amongst the top ten. The full time program of FMS started in 1967. The whole outgoing batch of 2002 was placed within a span of 2 days. There were 8 foreign offers including British American Tobacco (BAT), OLAM and QAI among others.

Indian Institute of Management, Indore (IIM I)
The Indian Institute of Management, Indore (IIMI) is the latest addition to the IIM community. IIMI has a two-year post graduate programme emphasizing on Experiential learning, IT orientation, and Social Sensitivity. The construction of the new campus is progressing at a rapid pace and IIMI plans to operate out of the new campus from June 2003. IIM-I offers the following programs viz., (a) The Post Graduate Programme (PGP), a two year programme (b) Management Development Programme. These are held throughout the year. (c) Faculty Development Programme (FDP) is designed to assist in the development of teachers, researchers, and trainers for management education and (d) Executive Post-Graduate Programme (Exe-PGP) a 18-months programme, designed for working executives.

Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode (IIM K - Calicut)
Established in 1996, The Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, IIMK is the fifth Indian Institute of Management. Its academic programmes encompass a range of long term full time diploma programmes such as the Post Graduate Programme in Management, and a number of short duration executive education programmes. The institute also offers an "Interactive Distance Learning Programme"

Why Bihar and Uttar pradesh are known to be most backward states in India !

   Why Bihar and Uttar pradesh are known to be most          backward states in India !

Bihar and Uttar pradesh are one of the 28 states of the 2nd most populated country India.

 

BIHAR   
  (Hindi: बिहार, Urdu: بہار, ) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km²) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% people of Bihar are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km²,^[6] which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika.

 UTTAR PRADESH -
              With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh).^[3][4] On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010.With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km²), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.

Yet U.P. is economy wise far better than Bihar but still the conditions of these two states are not good. 
THERE ARE PLENTY OF REASONS BEHIND THESE . IN EACH AND EVERY FIELD OF WORK 
THE ACTIVE CITIZENS ARE EXPLOITED,they are corrupt ,whether he is a police man or an IAS officer , a leader or an Engineer. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DOESN'T EVEN CARE ABOUT IT 
BOTH THESE STATES ARE MOST NEGLECTED STATES IN LOK SABHA MEETINGS

                                              
          Another reason behind this is LITERACY RATE.
 the literacy rates of these states are going down . As people of bihar and Uttar pradesh 
are known to be the labour class of India. So the illiterate people make thier children to work with them from thier childhood , due to less konwledge they have high sex ratio.
Uttar Pradesh is the largest cultivator of sugar-cane in India ,this and the workers in labour class draw the only income for Uttar Pradesh .
       In case of Bihar the conditions are worst ever , same as Somalia.some times people don't get food for more then 3 days ,IN SOME AREAS PEOPLE ARE STARVING FOR DEATH .
ANOTHER REASON IS THAT LAND IN BIHAR IS NOT FERTILE ,ITS ALL BARRELL ..
THATS WHY THERE ARE PLENTY OF FACTORIES IN THERE WHICH IS THE ONLY SOURCE FOR THE INCOME FOR PEOPLE (working as labourers).

      POLITICAL BACKGROUND _

THERE ARE LOTS OF PARTIES IN UTTAR PRADESH AND BIHAR BUT STILL NO BODY IS THERE WHO IS TRUSTWORTHY.THE LEADERS MAKE FAKE PROMISES ,INNOCENT PEOPLE 
VOTE FOR THEM AS THEY THINK THEY WOULD FULFIL THEIR DEMANDS BUT NIITHING HAPPENS EACH AND EVERYBODY IS CORRUPT.
The politicians are themselves corrupt .they take bribe from  businessmen make their factories run illegally .EVEN there are some factories which are using govt. electricity by stealing it.......
This year in 2012 .U.P.'s active citizens  have elected Akhilesh Yadav the son of MULAYAM SINGH YADAV (the president of Samajvadi party and former Chief minister of U.P.) as chief ministerm , hope he do well in there.Although he has also made thousands of promises about concerns of the people.BIHAR IS ALSO IN A NEED OF SUCH LEADERS. BECAUSE LALU YADAV AND RABARI DEVI ARE SUCKING UTTAR PRADESH LIKE LEECHES...
                                                          POVERTY GRAPH

  
 AT LAST I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THAT ,IF POVERTY GETS CONTROLLED IN BOTH THESE STATES THEN INDIA CAN LEAD A STEP TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT .BECAUSE MOST OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS ,ARMY OFFICERS ,SCIENTISTS AND SOCIAL WORKERS BELONG TO U.P. AND BIHAR.
ANNA HAZARE ALSO BELONGS TO UTTAR PRADESH .....
              WE , THE YOUTH OF THE COUNTRY SHOULDN'T TAKE FOR GRANTED THESE STATES .POVERTY IS A MAJOR CONCERN IN INDIA . IT MUST BE SOLVED FROM GRASS ROOT LEVEL.....ITS A DEMOCRACY WE MUST MOVE FORWARD.....

                          JAI HIND JAI BHARAT ....
     LONG LIVE INDIA.........
   

                

 

Times top 10 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners

1) Salman Khan
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Given his current streak of successes, it sure seems that Salman Khan can do no wrong. With Ready and Bodyguard breaking box office records, 2011 undoubtedly was Salman Khan's year. Off-screen, controversy's favourite child has steered clear of trouble. He underwent surgery last year and had to take time off to rest and recuperate. Yet, he managed to fulfill all his professional commitments.
Relationship Status: Single
Desirability Quotient: This good-looking man is also known to have a heart of gold. On screen, his action sequences and comic turns are known to send crowds into a tizzy. Of course, it does help that the charismatic Sallu is in great shape physically and age seems to have had no effect on him.


2)Ranbir Kapoor
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Rishi and Neetu's son is a superstar in the making. As far as performances go, he only gets better with each passing role. He showed his mettle with 2011's Rockstar in a role that outshone every other performance last year.
Desirability Quotient (DQ): He's got the looks, the lineage, is young, and makes the ladies swoon.
Relationship Status: Dating Katrina Kaif again. Sorry, girls! Fun Fact: He's moving into a place of his own soon. He's moved up a spot in the list. Did we hear him go Sadda Haq Aithe Rakh?

3)Hrithik Roshan
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Rakesh Roshan's son is built like a Greek god. And he works pretty hard in the gym to keep his bod that way. He works equally hard on his performances and in Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, one got to see an image quite contrary to what he usually portrays. The man cried, dammit!
Relationship Status: Married to Sussanne.
DQ: Last year's Most Desirable Man is humble, genuine, has a body to kill for and those light eyes make us weak-kneed.
Fun Fact: Has a wax statue in Madame Tussauds and is occasionally known to wax eloquent. How many actors can claim that?

4)John Abraham
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: The former model came to prominence with his constant state of shirtlessness, a trait he played to great effect in last year's Force and Desi Boyz. There was also an interesting turn he made in 7 Khoon Maaf.
Relationship Status: Dating investment banker Priya Runchal. Split from girlfriend of several years Bipasha Basu last year.
DQ: Has been in great shape for as long as we can remember. Seems to have let go of commitment issues.
Fun Factor: Johnny boy is finally out... flaunting the new girl in
his life!

 5) Mahesh Babu
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: He is one of Telugu cinema's leading actors of his generation. His debut won him several awards. As did some of his latter films, most notably Pokiri. The only film he starred in last year, Dookudu, had the Telugu film industry's largest worldwide opening.
Relationship Status: Married to former Bollywood actress Namrata Shirodkar.
DQ: He might have chocolate boy looks, but the actor is undeniably known for his powerful screen presence.

6)Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Who: Cricketer
Claim to fame: One of India's most successful cricket captains, Mahendra Singh Dhoni has been a force to reckon with, mostly for his devil-may-care attitude and for his many endorsements. Whatever this Jharkand boy says or does these days makes news.
Relationship Status: Married to Sakshi Singh Rawat.
DQ: Charismatic and attractive. Girls love his rugged charm.

7)Shah Rukh Khan
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Known by several names, most famously as King Khan, he is a force of nature in overseas markets. His RA.One and Don 2 hit box-office gold in India and worldwide. Stuff superstars are made of.
Relationship Status: Married to Gauri Khan.
DQ: A workaholic, he still finds time for his family. He's intelligent, suave and a true-blue performer.

8)Shahid Kapoor
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Shahid is veteran actor Pankaj Kapur's son and finally saw the release of his father's directorial debut through, hiccups notwithstanding. Delivers outstanding performances.
Relationship Status: Single
DQ: The quintessential good boy. This boy has no vices, unless you count breaking hearts. He's got the six-pack and he charms the ladies with his unassuming nature. Over a million fans on Twitter. He's one of India's most eligible bachelors.

9)Imran Khan
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: Counts Aamir Khan as his maamu. Had a dream debut. A few flops followed, but Imran bounced back in due course. Last year, showed off his funny side with Delhi Belly. And Mere Brother Ki Dulhan.
Relationship Status: Married to Avantika Malik.
DQ: He's committed to his wife, dedicated to his work and he's one of the most level-headed actors we have. Pretty mature for his age.


10)Arjun Rampal
Who: Actor
Claim to fame: The former supermodel has had his fair share of ups and downs, and a slew of critics bashing him from every quarter, but has always managed to stay in the hunt. A National Award winner, he also played the title role in last year's Shah Rukh-starrer RA.One. This guy is slowly and surely heading up the ladder.
Relationship status: Married to former supermodel Mehr Jesia.
DQ: Great looks, effortlessly stylish, erudite as well!

'Agneepath' brings Hrithik back in Top-5 zone

'Agneepath' has proven to be a goldmine for those who had invested in it. The film, after a terrific first day and a heart stopping second day went on to be really stable for its next six days (it had released on Thursday), hence enjoying a bountiful extended week. With over 85 crore in its kitty, the film entered it's second weekend on a high as well, hence crossing the 100 crore mark.

Though earlier it had seemed that mixed word of mouth would hamper its progress after a very good weekend, all such fears have now been laid to rest since this Karan Johar production has numbers to speak for themselves. Now the next immediate target for the film is to cross the 'Ra.One'/'Ghajini' total of 115 crore and come close to the 120 crore milestone set by 'Ready'.

With the super-success of the film, Hrithik Roshan has now left behind the twin disappointment of 'Kites' and 'Guzaarish' that had pushed it's stocks down in 2010. With multistarrer 'Zindagi Naa Milegi Dobara' last year and now a solo superhit in the form of 'Zindagi Naa Milegi Dobara' this year, Hrithik has placed himself firmly into the Top-5 zone.

The film is also special for Karan Malhotra who is now the first debutant director ever to start his Bollywood sojourn with a century. As for Karan Johar, he now has yet another big success against the name of his production house and is now expectedly gung ho about his next release 'Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu'.

On the other hand Priyanka Chopra too sustains herself in Top-3 zone with first 'Don 2' and now 'Agneepath' scoring a century. Not to mention Sanjay Dutt who finally has a box office success to his name after a couple of inconsequential releases in the form of 'Rascals' and 'Chatur Singh Two Star'.

Don’t judge Pakistan through Veena Malik: Ali Zafar

Pakistani actress Veena Malik is controversy's favourite child but it would be unfair to judge the entire country on the basis of what she does in India, actor-singer Ali Zafar says.

"You have to understand that she's an individual and you can't judge the entire community on the basis of one person's behaviour. You shouldn't even judge Pakistan through me. The whole Pakistan is not like Ali Zafar or Veena Malik," Ali told IANS.

"And such individuals are there in very entertainment industry. In India also there are women who ride on controversies. It happens everywhere. It happens even in Hollywood," he added.

Veena came to limelight after her link up with tainted Pakistani bowler Mohammad Asif. She rose to fame in India after appearing in the fourth season of controversial reality show "Bigg Boss".

Ever since she has been making headlines for her alleged link up with her "Bigg Boss" inmate, actor Ashmit Patel, or her sudden disappearance while shooting for the Bollywood movie "Mumbai 125 kilometres".

Ali says he makes sure he doesn't do anything that gives a bad name to his country.

"I pay all my taxes. I make sure all paper work is in place and streamlined. I want to work in a manner so that I stay away from controversies," he said.

"Whatever films I do, I make sure that I don't do scenes or say dialogues or do stuff that could hurt people back home. In my capacity, I try and keep everyone happy but that's just me. Everybody has their own style of working," he added.

For Ali, being controversial is not the best method to boost one's career.

"It's unfortunate...I think one should avoid controversies as long as possible, they may help you in the short run, but I don't think those who are talented need controversies to boost their career," he said.

"It's always good to stay away so that you can work smoothly. You try to stay away from trouble for your own sake and for the sake of other people. I think anybody who comes from there (Pakistan) to here (India) should be cautious and conscious, otherwise it puts others into bad light," he added.

After making a name in his home country with his albums, Ali forayed into Bollywood with debutant director Abhishek Sharma's "Tere Bin Laden" (2010), which won him critical acclaim from all over.

He was later seen in Yash Raj's "Mere Brother Ki Dulhan" and right now he is looking forward to the release of his new Hindi film " London Paris New York", which hits the silver screen March 2.

Best actresses of 2011(BOLLY-SPICE)

5. kalki koechlin

Kalki Koechlin may be a surprise and unconventional addition to the list for some readers, but in 2011 she managed to pull off strong performances without the super celebrity tag that some of her contemporaries hold. She had quite a year with four different films, and in each she portrayed a completely different character. 2011 started off with Shaitan and her performance as Amy in the off-beat film was given great reviews. She then held her own against the boys of Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara as the uptight Natasha. We also saw her starring opposite Prateik in the comedy My Friend Pinto. However, it was her outstanding performance in That Girl in Yellow Boots, which is one of the main reasons she is on our list. Our reviewer Katherine Matthews said of her performance in the film, “Her Ruth is layered, resourceful and determined, yet naive and vulnerable at her core, and Koechlin brings force and a luminous grace to her portrayal.”

 4. Kareena Kapoor

The star had a very busy year in 2011. She had two releases with Bodyguard and Ra. One, both of which were smash hits at the box office. Both characters, while central to the story, were sidelined somewhat in the more hero-driven films starring Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan respectively. While not really a big stretch for the actress, Kareena, portrayed both characters with effortless ease, energy and that indefinable screen presence that she has. We cannot wait to see her next year in the purely actress backed role of Heroine. We have a feeling she will be moving up our list for her performance in that film!

 3. Katrina Kaif

 

Her star power increased quite a bit in 2011 with great performances in Mere Brother Ki Dulhan and Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara. In both films, Katrina had a new vibe and edge, which was fabulous. In Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, Katrina as Laila was only a small part of the film but you remember her and her performance. As our review said, “she brought a breath of fresh air to the screen”. One of the main reasons she shines in the film is the fabulous connection Katrina had in her scenes with Hrithik. We all are really looking forward to seeing them starring opposite each other in a very romantic film soon. Her major release of 2011 was the comedy Mere Brother Ki Dulhan opposite Imran Khan and Ali Zafar. Kat rocked it as Dimple and played the character with great zest, fun and also a very cool edge. With both performances Katrina looked more at home in front of the camera and let herself fall into the characters so we lost Katrina and just saw Dimple and Laila. 2012 looks to be a good year again with films opposite Salman Khan, Aamir Khan and Yash Chopra’s next with Shah Rukh Khan! We are excited to see what she brings us next.

2. Priyanka Chopra

Priyanka Chopra has enjoyed top positions in previous BollySpice lists, but for 2011 she finds herself in second place. Although 7 Khoon Maaf did not fare so well at the cinema complexes, it received great critical acclaim, with Priyanka being singled out for her honest performance. While working heavily for her next project, Priyanka found time to make a special appearance in the most expensive film and blockbuster hit Ra.One. She ended the year with a bang with Don 2 reprising her role as Roma. Her chemistry with Shah Rukh Khan once again blazed on screen and if there is a Don 3, we know we will be there to see what happens next. With roles in the highly anticipated films, Barfee and Agneepath we can certainly expect to see Priyanka on this list for next year.

1. Vidya Balan

 

Vidya takes the number one spot on the BollySpice list of Best Actress and none is more deserving. For some time Vidya has been loved for her honest and brave performances but has always considered herself distant from the race for the Bollyqueen crown. 2011 certainly started as the year of the Balan and finished in the same manner. After strong performances in Paa (2009) and Ishqiya (2010), it was unclear how Vidya would top her performances in 2011, but she silenced her critics as Sabrina Lall in No One Killed Jessica. BollySpice reviewer Steven Baker noted that Balan “fills the screen with fragility and a quiet emptiness” allowing the audience to follow her emotional journey from a “wounded sister” to a vocal citizen fighting for justice. She then went in a total opposite direction for the next film and took on the glamour of 80s Indian cinema forThe Dirty Picture. Like her character says in The Dirty Picture, only three things work in this business being entertainment, entertainment and entertainment and that is certainly what her character Silk offered fans. Reviewer Prateeksha Khot said that Silk is “the most courageous and outrageous character any actress has probably ever played, Vidya reinforces the fact that Ishqiya, Paa and No One Killed Jessica are not flukes.” With so many faces to one character, Vidya makes each as convincing and emotional as the last, reminding her audiences why she is an actor and not just a star. Vidya may take the top spot on this list but it is clear that this won’t be her only award for her films in 2011. Let’s hope that Vidya can lead the way for more female centric roles to take centre stage.

"Ghost" movie review

 By- Prateeksha knot

Trying to cash in on the Friday 13th legend, Bharat Shah released his horror saga Ghost this Friday. Directed by Puja Jatinder Bedi, it stars Shiney Ahuja (his first movie after the scandal) and Sayali Bhagat.

Frankly speaking, that’s all you really should know about the movie. This silly hotchpotch doesn’t even have a decent story to its credit. The writer tries to add religion, revenge, suspense and what not and fails miserably. After the beginning credits itself you realize that it was a bad move to decide to watch this movie (or maybe, like the movie says, it is Gods punishment for your sins). We have a nurse performing an item song to a doctor, we have the female lead Dr Suhani (Sayali) who appears least bothered about the murders of her colleagues and keeps on asking the investigating office (Shiney) to take a break from solving the case and have coffee. And we have the lead actor who appears to take his urgent investigation as a nine-to-five job and keeps on breaking into songs with the lady love. Lastly, the “ghost” breaks into a dance with Sandip Soparrkar in end credits…

The “horror” movie is made more interesting with the amazing performances by the lead pair. Sayali plays a doctor in the movie who seems to have only night shifts, wears short dresses to the hospital (like a viewer aptly commented, her doctor’s coat was longer than her dress) and all she seems to do is either walk along the empty corridors following the “sound” or sing songs with the male lead. Which brings us to Shiney Ahuja. Shiney does his usual what he is best at – look white and expressionless. In fact I think he would make a good Edward Cullen instead of the investigating officer cum Roadies wannabe show champ (“Shadak Chap” Seriously?). When one talks about horror movies, the visual and special effects play a very important part. The director in an interview had claimed that the special effects of this movie are at par with those of Hollywood and “Computer graphics used in the film are one of its highlights” – I have never laughed so much in my life before. Ghost has special effects which would make a Ramsay movie look rich in visuals. The ghost has a blazing nose and eyes; beyond that I really don’t need to tell you more- you get the idea. I wouldn’t even waste time in talking about the music, direction, editing, screenplay, cinematography – they are either shoddy (like the special effects) or non-existent (like the promised scares).

I seriously wanted to give this movie the benefit of doubt and checked if it was a canned movie released ages later. Apparently not. The censor board it seems cut a few scenes short as they were pretty violent. I wish they had deleted all the scenes from this movie. Not scared, but I am definitely scarred for life now.

Shilpa's dress causes international stir

While most Indian fashion designers would maintain that our traditional garment, the sari, is one of the best known Indian outfits on the international fashion scene, when a UK tabloid called an anarkali suit a sari recently, the readers took no time to show their umbrage online. On Friday, Daily Mail carried an article on Bollywood actor and ex Big Brother winner, Shilpa Shetty, making her first post pregnancy appearance. While the actor wore an off white and red anarkali suit with a duppatta, the report called the garment a sari; apparently failing to recognise the Indian outfit. ‘Shilpa Shetty’s sari shows off her baby bump’, read the headline. Soon enough, people started posting comments on the tabloid website about the faux pas.

“That’s not a sari. It’s called an Anarkali,” posted ZB from India. Another comment, posted by Zak, read, “Its Not a sari it’s a freakin anarkali dress (sic).” Indian designers feel that at a time when a global fashion giant like Hermes has come up with an exclusive sari collection and designers such as Jean Paul Gaultier have done their interpretation of the sari, such ignorance is amusing. “While sari is a garment that fascinates the west, it’s sad that not many know about it still,” says designer Ritu Kumar. Chavi Taneja, a design student in Delhi says, “Westerners may get confused between an anarkali and a churidaar, but a sari has been worn by many global celebs.” However, designer Anand Bhushan says, “Even we may not be able to tell an abaya from a burqa. So, we shouldn’t feel hurt. After all, Hermes did a whole sari collection. What bigger compliment do we need?"

LiNuX..

Linux Operating System

Introduction

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.Linux system distributions may vary in many details of system operation, configuration, and software package selections.
Linux runs on a wide variety of computer hardware, including mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, televisions, video game consoles, desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputers.Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world. In addition, more than 90% of today's supercomputers run some variant of Linux.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu), Fedora and openSUSE. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
A distribution oriented toward desktop use may include the X Window System and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Other distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less-powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit any graphical environment from the standard install and instead include other software such as the Apache HTTP Server and a SSH server like OpenSSH. Because Linux is freely redistributable, it is possible for anyone to create a distribution for any intended use. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, the OpenOffice.org or LibreOffice office application suites, and the GIMP image editor.
The main supporting user space system tools and libraries from the GNU Project (announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman) are the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux.

 Shells of Linux

.What is Linux Shell ?

Computer understand the language of 0's and 1's called binary language.

In early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which is difficult for all of us, to read and write. So in Os there is special program called Shell. Shell accepts your instruction or commands in English (mostly) and if its a valid command, it is pass to kernel.

Shell is a user program or it's environment provided for user interaction. Shell is an command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file.

Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.

 Several shell available with Linux including:

Shell Name	Developed by	Where	Remark
BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell )	Brian Fox and Chet Ramey	Free Software Foundation	Most common shell in Linux. It's Freeware shell.
CSH (C SHell)	Bill Joy	University of California (For BSD)	The C shell's syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.
KSH (Korn SHell)	David Korn	AT & T Bell Labs	--
TCSH	See the man page. Type $ man tcsh	--	TCSH is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH).

Tip: To find all available shells in your system type following command:
$ cat /etc/shells

Note that each shell does the same job, but each understand a different command syntax and provides different built-in functions.

In MS-DOS, Shell name is COMMAND.COM which is also used for same purpose, but it's not as powerful as our Linux Shells are!Any of the above shell reads command from user (via Keyboard or Mouse) and tells Linux Os what users want. If we are giving commands from keyboard it is called command line interface ( Usually in-front of $ prompt, This prompt is depend upon your shell and Environment that you set or by your System Administrator, therefore you may get different prompt ).

Tip: To find your current shell type following command
$ echo $SHELL 

History  of linux

The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new operating system kernel.
Since then the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License.^[1]

Events leading to creation

The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems.

In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system.As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete.

Another free operating system project, initially released in 1977, was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained Unix code that AT&T owned, AT&T filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD.

In 1985, Intel released the 80386, the first x86 microprocessor with 32-bit instruction set and MMU with paging.

In 1986, Maurice J. Bach, of AT&T Bell Labs, published The Design of the UNIX Operating System.This definitive description principally covered the System V Release 2 kernel, with some new features from Release 3 and BSD.

MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers.

These factors and the lack of a widely adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvalds's starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own.

 The creation of Linux

Linus Torvalds in 2002

In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler).^{[citation needed]}

As Torvalds wrote in his book Just for Fun,he eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp.os.minix.":

Hello everybody out there using minix -

I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)

Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)

PS. Yes – it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.

—Linus Torvalds

The name

Floppy discs holding a very early version of Linux

Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, a portmanteau of "freak", "free", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name "Freax" for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux," but initially dismissed it as too egotistical.

In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp.funet.fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvald's coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".

To demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced (English pronunciation: /ˈlɪnəks/ lin-əks).

Linux under the GNU GPL

Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.

The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shells.

In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux.

Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system a shell, compilers, a library etc are needed. These are separate parts and may be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.

In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.

Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.

Torvalds has stated, “making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.”

 GNU/Linux naming controversy

The designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product Debian GNU/Linux. In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux".

This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although most people simply use the term "Linux" to refer to the combination.

Official mascot

  

Tux

Torvalds announced in 1996 that there would be a mascot for Linux, a penguin. This was due the fact when they were about to select the mascot, Torvalds did mention he was bitten by a Little Penguin on a visit to the National Zoo & Aquarium, Canberra, Australia. Larry Ewing provided the original draft of today's well known mascot based on this description. The name Tux was suggested by James Hughes as derivative of Torvalds' UniX.

 Kernel

There are many other well-known maintainers for the Linux kernel beside Torvalds such as Alan Cox and Marcelo Tosatti. Cox maintained version 2.2 of the kernel until it was discontinued at the end of 2003. Likewise, Tosatti maintained version 2.4 of the kernel until the middle of 2006. Andrew Morton steers the development and administration of the 2.6 kernel, which was released

on 18 December 2003 in its first stable incarnation. Also the older branches are still constantly improved.

 Community

The largest part of the work on Linux is performed by the community: the thousands of programmers around the world that use Linux and send their suggested improvements to the maintainers. Various companies have also helped not only with the development of the Kernels, but also with the writing of the body of auxiliary software, which is distributed with Linux.

It is released both by organized projects such as Debian, and by projects connected directly with companies such as Fedora and openSUSE. The members of the respective projects meet at various conferences and fairs, in order to exchange ideas. One of the largest of these fairs is the LinuxTag in Germany (currently in Berlin), where about 10,000 people assemble annually, in order to discuss Linux and the projects associated with it.

 Open Source Development Lab and Linux Foundation

The Open Source Development Lab (OSDL) was created in the year 2000, and is an independent nonprofit organization which pursues the goal of optimizing Linux for employment in data centers and in the carrier range. It served as sponsored working premises for Linus Torvalds and also for Andrew Morton (until the middle of 2006 when Morton transferred to Google). Torvalds works full-time on behalf of OSDL, developing the Linux Kernels.

On January 22, 2007, OSDL and the Free Standards Group merged to form The Linux Foundation, narrowing their respective focuses to that of promoting GNU/Linux in competition with Microsoft Windows.  

Companies

Despite being open-source, a few companies profit from Linux. These companies, most of which are also members of the Open Source Development Lab, invest substantial resources into the advancement and development of Linux, in order to make it suited for various application areas. This includes hardware donations for driver developers, cash donations for people who develop Linux software, and the employment of Linux programmers at the company. Some examples are IBM and HP, which use Linux on their own servers, and Red Hat, which maintains its own distribution. Likewise Nokia supports Linux by the development and LGPL licensing of Qt, which makes the development of KDE possible, and by employing some of the X and KDE developers.

Trademark rights

In 1994 and 1995, several people from different countries attempted to register the name "Linux" as a trademark. Thereupon requests for royalty payments were issued to several Linux companies, a step with which many developers and users of Linux did not agree. Linus Torvalds clamped down on these companies with help from Linux International and was granted the trademark to the name, which he transferred to Linux International. Protection of the trademark was later administered by a dedicated foundation, the non-profit Linux Mark Institute. In 2000, Linus Torvalds specified the basic rules for the assignment of the licenses. This means that anyone who offers a product or a service with the name Linux must possess a license for it, which can be obtained through a unique purchase.

In June 2005, a new controversy developed over the use of royalties generated from the use of the Linux trademark. The Linux Mark Institute, which represents Linus Torvalds' rights, announced a price increase from 500 to 5,000 dollars for the use of the name. This step was justified as being needed to cover the rising costs of trademark protection.

In response to this increase, the community became displeased, which is why Linus Torvalds made an announcement on 21 August 2005, in order to dissolve the misunderstandings. In an e-mail he described the current situation as well as the background in detail and also dealt with the question of who had to pay license costs:

[...] And let’s repeat: somebody who doesn’t want to _protect_ that name would never do this. You can call anything "MyLinux", but the downside is that you may have somebody else who _did_ protect himself come along and send you a cease-and-desist letter. Or, if the name ends up showing up in a trademark search that LMI needs to do every once in a while just to protect the trademark (another legal requirement for trademarks), LMI itself might have to send you a cease-and-desist-or-sublicense it letter.

At which point you either rename it to something else, or you sublicense it. See? It’s all about whether _you_ need the protection or not, not about whether LMI wants the money or not.

Finally, just to make it clear: not only do I not get a cent of the trademark money, but even LMI (who actually administers the mark) has so far historically always lost money on it. That’s not a way to sustain a trademark, so they’re trying to at least become self-sufficient, but so far I can tell that lawyers fees to _give_ that protection that commercial companies want have been higher than the license fees. Even pro bono lawyers charge for the time of their costs and paralegals etc.

—Linus Torvalds

The Linux Mark Institute has since begun to offer a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.