Best actresses of 2011(BOLLY-SPICE)

5. kalki koechlin

Kalki Koechlin may be a surprise and unconventional addition to the list for some readers, but in 2011 she managed to pull off strong performances without the super celebrity tag that some of her contemporaries hold. She had quite a year with four different films, and in each she portrayed a completely different character. 2011 started off with Shaitan and her performance as Amy in the off-beat film was given great reviews. She then held her own against the boys of Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara as the uptight Natasha. We also saw her starring opposite Prateik in the comedy My Friend Pinto. However, it was her outstanding performance in That Girl in Yellow Boots, which is one of the main reasons she is on our list. Our reviewer Katherine Matthews said of her performance in the film, “Her Ruth is layered, resourceful and determined, yet naive and vulnerable at her core, and Koechlin brings force and a luminous grace to her portrayal.”

 4. Kareena Kapoor

The star had a very busy year in 2011. She had two releases with Bodyguard and Ra. One, both of which were smash hits at the box office. Both characters, while central to the story, were sidelined somewhat in the more hero-driven films starring Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan respectively. While not really a big stretch for the actress, Kareena, portrayed both characters with effortless ease, energy and that indefinable screen presence that she has. We cannot wait to see her next year in the purely actress backed role of Heroine. We have a feeling she will be moving up our list for her performance in that film!

 3. Katrina Kaif

 

Her star power increased quite a bit in 2011 with great performances in Mere Brother Ki Dulhan and Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara. In both films, Katrina had a new vibe and edge, which was fabulous. In Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, Katrina as Laila was only a small part of the film but you remember her and her performance. As our review said, “she brought a breath of fresh air to the screen”. One of the main reasons she shines in the film is the fabulous connection Katrina had in her scenes with Hrithik. We all are really looking forward to seeing them starring opposite each other in a very romantic film soon. Her major release of 2011 was the comedy Mere Brother Ki Dulhan opposite Imran Khan and Ali Zafar. Kat rocked it as Dimple and played the character with great zest, fun and also a very cool edge. With both performances Katrina looked more at home in front of the camera and let herself fall into the characters so we lost Katrina and just saw Dimple and Laila. 2012 looks to be a good year again with films opposite Salman Khan, Aamir Khan and Yash Chopra’s next with Shah Rukh Khan! We are excited to see what she brings us next.

2. Priyanka Chopra

Priyanka Chopra has enjoyed top positions in previous BollySpice lists, but for 2011 she finds herself in second place. Although 7 Khoon Maaf did not fare so well at the cinema complexes, it received great critical acclaim, with Priyanka being singled out for her honest performance. While working heavily for her next project, Priyanka found time to make a special appearance in the most expensive film and blockbuster hit Ra.One. She ended the year with a bang with Don 2 reprising her role as Roma. Her chemistry with Shah Rukh Khan once again blazed on screen and if there is a Don 3, we know we will be there to see what happens next. With roles in the highly anticipated films, Barfee and Agneepath we can certainly expect to see Priyanka on this list for next year.

1. Vidya Balan

 

Vidya takes the number one spot on the BollySpice list of Best Actress and none is more deserving. For some time Vidya has been loved for her honest and brave performances but has always considered herself distant from the race for the Bollyqueen crown. 2011 certainly started as the year of the Balan and finished in the same manner. After strong performances in Paa (2009) and Ishqiya (2010), it was unclear how Vidya would top her performances in 2011, but she silenced her critics as Sabrina Lall in No One Killed Jessica. BollySpice reviewer Steven Baker noted that Balan “fills the screen with fragility and a quiet emptiness” allowing the audience to follow her emotional journey from a “wounded sister” to a vocal citizen fighting for justice. She then went in a total opposite direction for the next film and took on the glamour of 80s Indian cinema forThe Dirty Picture. Like her character says in The Dirty Picture, only three things work in this business being entertainment, entertainment and entertainment and that is certainly what her character Silk offered fans. Reviewer Prateeksha Khot said that Silk is “the most courageous and outrageous character any actress has probably ever played, Vidya reinforces the fact that Ishqiya, Paa and No One Killed Jessica are not flukes.” With so many faces to one character, Vidya makes each as convincing and emotional as the last, reminding her audiences why she is an actor and not just a star. Vidya may take the top spot on this list but it is clear that this won’t be her only award for her films in 2011. Let’s hope that Vidya can lead the way for more female centric roles to take centre stage.

"Ghost" movie review

 By- Prateeksha knot

Trying to cash in on the Friday 13th legend, Bharat Shah released his horror saga Ghost this Friday. Directed by Puja Jatinder Bedi, it stars Shiney Ahuja (his first movie after the scandal) and Sayali Bhagat.

Frankly speaking, that’s all you really should know about the movie. This silly hotchpotch doesn’t even have a decent story to its credit. The writer tries to add religion, revenge, suspense and what not and fails miserably. After the beginning credits itself you realize that it was a bad move to decide to watch this movie (or maybe, like the movie says, it is Gods punishment for your sins). We have a nurse performing an item song to a doctor, we have the female lead Dr Suhani (Sayali) who appears least bothered about the murders of her colleagues and keeps on asking the investigating office (Shiney) to take a break from solving the case and have coffee. And we have the lead actor who appears to take his urgent investigation as a nine-to-five job and keeps on breaking into songs with the lady love. Lastly, the “ghost” breaks into a dance with Sandip Soparrkar in end credits…

The “horror” movie is made more interesting with the amazing performances by the lead pair. Sayali plays a doctor in the movie who seems to have only night shifts, wears short dresses to the hospital (like a viewer aptly commented, her doctor’s coat was longer than her dress) and all she seems to do is either walk along the empty corridors following the “sound” or sing songs with the male lead. Which brings us to Shiney Ahuja. Shiney does his usual what he is best at – look white and expressionless. In fact I think he would make a good Edward Cullen instead of the investigating officer cum Roadies wannabe show champ (“Shadak Chap” Seriously?). When one talks about horror movies, the visual and special effects play a very important part. The director in an interview had claimed that the special effects of this movie are at par with those of Hollywood and “Computer graphics used in the film are one of its highlights” – I have never laughed so much in my life before. Ghost has special effects which would make a Ramsay movie look rich in visuals. The ghost has a blazing nose and eyes; beyond that I really don’t need to tell you more- you get the idea. I wouldn’t even waste time in talking about the music, direction, editing, screenplay, cinematography – they are either shoddy (like the special effects) or non-existent (like the promised scares).

I seriously wanted to give this movie the benefit of doubt and checked if it was a canned movie released ages later. Apparently not. The censor board it seems cut a few scenes short as they were pretty violent. I wish they had deleted all the scenes from this movie. Not scared, but I am definitely scarred for life now.

Shilpa's dress causes international stir

While most Indian fashion designers would maintain that our traditional garment, the sari, is one of the best known Indian outfits on the international fashion scene, when a UK tabloid called an anarkali suit a sari recently, the readers took no time to show their umbrage online. On Friday, Daily Mail carried an article on Bollywood actor and ex Big Brother winner, Shilpa Shetty, making her first post pregnancy appearance. While the actor wore an off white and red anarkali suit with a duppatta, the report called the garment a sari; apparently failing to recognise the Indian outfit. ‘Shilpa Shetty’s sari shows off her baby bump’, read the headline. Soon enough, people started posting comments on the tabloid website about the faux pas.

“That’s not a sari. It’s called an Anarkali,” posted ZB from India. Another comment, posted by Zak, read, “Its Not a sari it’s a freakin anarkali dress (sic).” Indian designers feel that at a time when a global fashion giant like Hermes has come up with an exclusive sari collection and designers such as Jean Paul Gaultier have done their interpretation of the sari, such ignorance is amusing. “While sari is a garment that fascinates the west, it’s sad that not many know about it still,” says designer Ritu Kumar. Chavi Taneja, a design student in Delhi says, “Westerners may get confused between an anarkali and a churidaar, but a sari has been worn by many global celebs.” However, designer Anand Bhushan says, “Even we may not be able to tell an abaya from a burqa. So, we shouldn’t feel hurt. After all, Hermes did a whole sari collection. What bigger compliment do we need?"

LiNuX..

Linux Operating System

Introduction

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.Linux system distributions may vary in many details of system operation, configuration, and software package selections.
Linux runs on a wide variety of computer hardware, including mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, televisions, video game consoles, desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputers.Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world. In addition, more than 90% of today's supercomputers run some variant of Linux.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu), Fedora and openSUSE. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
A distribution oriented toward desktop use may include the X Window System and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Other distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less-powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit any graphical environment from the standard install and instead include other software such as the Apache HTTP Server and a SSH server like OpenSSH. Because Linux is freely redistributable, it is possible for anyone to create a distribution for any intended use. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, the OpenOffice.org or LibreOffice office application suites, and the GIMP image editor.
The main supporting user space system tools and libraries from the GNU Project (announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman) are the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux.

 Shells of Linux

.What is Linux Shell ?

Computer understand the language of 0's and 1's called binary language.

In early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which is difficult for all of us, to read and write. So in Os there is special program called Shell. Shell accepts your instruction or commands in English (mostly) and if its a valid command, it is pass to kernel.

Shell is a user program or it's environment provided for user interaction. Shell is an command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file.

Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.

 Several shell available with Linux including:

Shell Name	Developed by	Where	Remark
BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell )	Brian Fox and Chet Ramey	Free Software Foundation	Most common shell in Linux. It's Freeware shell.
CSH (C SHell)	Bill Joy	University of California (For BSD)	The C shell's syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.
KSH (Korn SHell)	David Korn	AT & T Bell Labs	--
TCSH	See the man page. Type $ man tcsh	--	TCSH is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH).

Tip: To find all available shells in your system type following command:
$ cat /etc/shells

Note that each shell does the same job, but each understand a different command syntax and provides different built-in functions.

In MS-DOS, Shell name is COMMAND.COM which is also used for same purpose, but it's not as powerful as our Linux Shells are!Any of the above shell reads command from user (via Keyboard or Mouse) and tells Linux Os what users want. If we are giving commands from keyboard it is called command line interface ( Usually in-front of $ prompt, This prompt is depend upon your shell and Environment that you set or by your System Administrator, therefore you may get different prompt ).

Tip: To find your current shell type following command
$ echo $SHELL 

History  of linux

The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new operating system kernel.
Since then the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License.^[1]

Events leading to creation

The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems.

In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system.As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete.

Another free operating system project, initially released in 1977, was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained Unix code that AT&T owned, AT&T filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD.

In 1985, Intel released the 80386, the first x86 microprocessor with 32-bit instruction set and MMU with paging.

In 1986, Maurice J. Bach, of AT&T Bell Labs, published The Design of the UNIX Operating System.This definitive description principally covered the System V Release 2 kernel, with some new features from Release 3 and BSD.

MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers.

These factors and the lack of a widely adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvalds's starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own.

 The creation of Linux

Linus Torvalds in 2002

In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler).^{[citation needed]}

As Torvalds wrote in his book Just for Fun,he eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp.os.minix.":

Hello everybody out there using minix -

I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)

Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)

PS. Yes – it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.

—Linus Torvalds

The name

Floppy discs holding a very early version of Linux

Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, a portmanteau of "freak", "free", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name "Freax" for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux," but initially dismissed it as too egotistical.

In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp.funet.fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvald's coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".

To demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced (English pronunciation: /ˈlɪnəks/ lin-əks).

Linux under the GNU GPL

Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.

The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shells.

In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux.

Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system a shell, compilers, a library etc are needed. These are separate parts and may be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.

In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.

Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.

Torvalds has stated, “making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.”

 GNU/Linux naming controversy

The designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product Debian GNU/Linux. In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux".

This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although most people simply use the term "Linux" to refer to the combination.

Official mascot

  

Tux

Torvalds announced in 1996 that there would be a mascot for Linux, a penguin. This was due the fact when they were about to select the mascot, Torvalds did mention he was bitten by a Little Penguin on a visit to the National Zoo & Aquarium, Canberra, Australia. Larry Ewing provided the original draft of today's well known mascot based on this description. The name Tux was suggested by James Hughes as derivative of Torvalds' UniX.

 Kernel

There are many other well-known maintainers for the Linux kernel beside Torvalds such as Alan Cox and Marcelo Tosatti. Cox maintained version 2.2 of the kernel until it was discontinued at the end of 2003. Likewise, Tosatti maintained version 2.4 of the kernel until the middle of 2006. Andrew Morton steers the development and administration of the 2.6 kernel, which was released

on 18 December 2003 in its first stable incarnation. Also the older branches are still constantly improved.

 Community

The largest part of the work on Linux is performed by the community: the thousands of programmers around the world that use Linux and send their suggested improvements to the maintainers. Various companies have also helped not only with the development of the Kernels, but also with the writing of the body of auxiliary software, which is distributed with Linux.

It is released both by organized projects such as Debian, and by projects connected directly with companies such as Fedora and openSUSE. The members of the respective projects meet at various conferences and fairs, in order to exchange ideas. One of the largest of these fairs is the LinuxTag in Germany (currently in Berlin), where about 10,000 people assemble annually, in order to discuss Linux and the projects associated with it.

 Open Source Development Lab and Linux Foundation

The Open Source Development Lab (OSDL) was created in the year 2000, and is an independent nonprofit organization which pursues the goal of optimizing Linux for employment in data centers and in the carrier range. It served as sponsored working premises for Linus Torvalds and also for Andrew Morton (until the middle of 2006 when Morton transferred to Google). Torvalds works full-time on behalf of OSDL, developing the Linux Kernels.

On January 22, 2007, OSDL and the Free Standards Group merged to form The Linux Foundation, narrowing their respective focuses to that of promoting GNU/Linux in competition with Microsoft Windows.  

Companies

Despite being open-source, a few companies profit from Linux. These companies, most of which are also members of the Open Source Development Lab, invest substantial resources into the advancement and development of Linux, in order to make it suited for various application areas. This includes hardware donations for driver developers, cash donations for people who develop Linux software, and the employment of Linux programmers at the company. Some examples are IBM and HP, which use Linux on their own servers, and Red Hat, which maintains its own distribution. Likewise Nokia supports Linux by the development and LGPL licensing of Qt, which makes the development of KDE possible, and by employing some of the X and KDE developers.

Trademark rights

In 1994 and 1995, several people from different countries attempted to register the name "Linux" as a trademark. Thereupon requests for royalty payments were issued to several Linux companies, a step with which many developers and users of Linux did not agree. Linus Torvalds clamped down on these companies with help from Linux International and was granted the trademark to the name, which he transferred to Linux International. Protection of the trademark was later administered by a dedicated foundation, the non-profit Linux Mark Institute. In 2000, Linus Torvalds specified the basic rules for the assignment of the licenses. This means that anyone who offers a product or a service with the name Linux must possess a license for it, which can be obtained through a unique purchase.

In June 2005, a new controversy developed over the use of royalties generated from the use of the Linux trademark. The Linux Mark Institute, which represents Linus Torvalds' rights, announced a price increase from 500 to 5,000 dollars for the use of the name. This step was justified as being needed to cover the rising costs of trademark protection.

In response to this increase, the community became displeased, which is why Linus Torvalds made an announcement on 21 August 2005, in order to dissolve the misunderstandings. In an e-mail he described the current situation as well as the background in detail and also dealt with the question of who had to pay license costs:

[...] And let’s repeat: somebody who doesn’t want to _protect_ that name would never do this. You can call anything "MyLinux", but the downside is that you may have somebody else who _did_ protect himself come along and send you a cease-and-desist letter. Or, if the name ends up showing up in a trademark search that LMI needs to do every once in a while just to protect the trademark (another legal requirement for trademarks), LMI itself might have to send you a cease-and-desist-or-sublicense it letter.

At which point you either rename it to something else, or you sublicense it. See? It’s all about whether _you_ need the protection or not, not about whether LMI wants the money or not.

Finally, just to make it clear: not only do I not get a cent of the trademark money, but even LMI (who actually administers the mark) has so far historically always lost money on it. That’s not a way to sustain a trademark, so they’re trying to at least become self-sufficient, but so far I can tell that lawyers fees to _give_ that protection that commercial companies want have been higher than the license fees. Even pro bono lawyers charge for the time of their costs and paralegals etc.

—Linus Torvalds

The Linux Mark Institute has since begun to offer a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.